¿Qué tan saludable es ingerir alcohol? ¿En qué punto ya se es alcohólico? ¿Qué factores están involucrados? ¿Qué hacer desde la familia para prevenirlo?

Por: Mosaico Medios

El alcoholismo es un problema de salud mundial que se ha incrementado exponencialmente los últimos años, no es un problema exclusivo de un género y es multifactorial. Tomar una copa no te hace ser alcohólico pero sin duda es una sustancia que tiene efectos nocivos para la salud. 

El nivel de consumo se clasifica en:

• Uso experimental – se consume por probar y no se vuelve a ello.
• Uso ocasional o social – se consumen de 2 a 3 “tragos” en ocasiones. En este nivel se encuentra la mayoría de la población y no representa un impacto grave para la salud.
• Abuso – se abusa de la sustancia y acaba en violencia, en accidentes o actuando con total desinhibición y sin límites. En esta etapa ya comienza el daño pues el exceso provoca alteraciones mentales, fisiológicas y conductuales.  
• Adicción o dependencia – puede ser biológica, fisiológica o psicoemocional. La psicoemocional se refiere a las concepciones que se tienen del alcohol y la relación con la sustancia (“el alcohol me ayuda a socializar mejor”, “soy más agradable cuando tomo”, “te hace más maduro”, por mencionar algunas.) 

La dependencia puede ser funcional o disfuncional, la primera se refiere a cuando hay consumo frecuente pero no descuida el trabajo o sus responsabilidades, la segunda es cuando ya la adicción lleva a perder trabajo, relaciones de pareja o amigos, hay accidentes que incapacitan y otras pérdidas. 

Puede ser que el consumo empiece con diversión y fiesta, pero detrás de toda adicción siempre hay desgaste emocional y socioeconómico, sufrimiento familiar e individual. La adicción tiene comorbilidad, es decir, suele venir acompañada de otros trastornos por lo que puede ser un síntoma de otro problema. 

Factores para el incremento del consumo:

1. Individual: cuestiones físicas, biológicas, habilidades sociales y se relaciona con el manejo de las emociones, estrés, asertividad, entre otras.
2. Familiar: falta de límites y permisividad, ausencia de los padres durante la crianza, normalización del consumo en la familia (incluso desde bebés), ausencia de factores de protección.
3. Social: normalización del consumo entre pares, el acceso y cercanía del alcohol en los lugares que se frecuentan, factores de riesgo como zonas de venta, redes sociales, etc. 

*Ojo*: Satanizar o prohibir el alcohol también puede provocar su consumo adictivo. 

Recomendaciones de los especialistas a los padres de familia: 

• Acompañar a los jóvenes en su cotidianidad, hablar con ellos y dotarlos de confianza para reforzar su autoestima y así evitar patrones de conducta que puedan llevar a la adicción. 
• Procurar que la familia sea su respaldo social y también un sitio agradable en donde se sientan cómodos y acompañados para que no necesiten salir a buscar por otros lados las carencias emocionales. 
• Enseñar a los niños a estar bien con ellos mismos, a expresar sus emociones y a ganarse las cosas con esfuerzo para evitar la tendencia de querer todo de forma inmediata.
• Darles tiempo de calidad para compartir y dialogar. 
• Fomentar hábitos saludables y enseñarles que sus derechos conllevan responsabilidades.

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