Demencia es una enfermedad crónica, degenerativa que afecta principalmente la memoria, pensamiento, comportamiento y la capacidad para realizar actividades cotidianas. Se caracteriza por la pérdida gradual de funciones cognitivas, como el lenguaje, el juicio, la coordinación, la atención, la memoria y la cognición. Puede ser causada por una variedad de diferentes etiologías, desde enfermedades neurodegenerativas – como el Alzheimer – hasta traumas craneales, traumatismo emocional o enfermedades infecciosas. La demencia puede manifestarse de diferentes maneras, que incluyen pérdida de memoria, confusion y comportamiento impropio.
Algunos de los factores de riesgo de desarrollar demencia son: la edad avanzada, historial médico y familiar, estilo de vida inactivo, exposición a toxinas ambientales y la deficiencia de nutrientes. Por último, prevenir la demencia requiere hacer cambios saludables en el estilo de vida, incluyendo ejercicio regular, una alimentación saludable, evitar el consumo de alcohol, mantener un peso saludable y alejarse de la exposición a determinados agentes ambientales.
Idealmente la demencia debe ser tratada multidisciplinariamente, por un equipo médico encabezado por un gerontopsiquiatra, un neurólogo, y un experto en enfermería geriátrica. Cada profesional puede proporcionar servicios y tratamientos diferentes para tratar la demencia, dependiendo de su área de especialización.
El tratamiento para la demencia varía dependiendo del tipo, causa y gravedad de la enfermedad. El principal objetivo del tratamiento es mejorar los síntomas y ayudar a la persona a disfrutar la mejor calidad de vida posible. El tratamiento incluye medicamentos para mejorar la función cerebral, actividades físicas para mejorar el bienestar general, terapia de habla y/o terapia ocupacional para mejorar la capacidad de comunicarse y realizar tareas cotidianas, educación sobre la demencia para que familiares y otros cuidadores puedan ofrecer el mejor apoyo posible, así como medidas para prevenir la irritabilidad y los comportamientos violentos. Es importante que los familiares cuiden de su propia salud mental para poder proporcionar el mejor cuidado posible.
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